An inguinal hernia (IH) is a protrusion of intra-abdominal contents through the inguinal canal that can arise at any time from infancy to adulthood. It is more common in males with a lifetime risk of 27% as compared to 3% in females. Most pediatric IHs are congenital and caused by failure of the peritoneum to close, resulting in a patent processus vaginalis (PPV). IH present as a bulge in the groin area that can become more prominent when crying, coughing, straining, or standing up, and disappears when lying down. Diagnosis is based on a thorough medical history and physical examination, but imaging tests such as ultrasound can be used when the diagnosis is not readily apparent. IHs are generally classified as indirect, direct, and femoral based on the site of herniation relative to surrounding structures. Indirect hernias protrude lateral to the inferior epigastric vessels, through the deep inguinal ring. Direct hernias protrude medial to the inferior epigastric vessels, within Hesselbach’s triangle. Femoral hernias protrude through the small and inflexible femoral ring. In infants and children, IH are always operated on to prevent incarceration.
Surgical correction in infants and children is done by high ligation of the hernia sac only, called a herniotomy. Here, we present a female infant with bilateral IH. Upon exploration, a hernia sac was found, and ligation was performed bilaterally. In female patients, it is believed that failure of the closure of the canal of Nuck alongside the round ligament of the uterus is the etiology. Oftentimes there is a “sliding hernia” where the ovary and or the fallopian tube is attached to the sac, sometimes the uterus itself is attached.
Gastrogastric fistula is a rare complication following a Roux-en-Y gastric bypass procedure wherein there is a communication between the proximal gastric pouch and the distal gastric remnant. Patients typically present with nausea and vomiting, abdominal pain, intractable marginal ulcer, bleeding, reflux, poor weight loss, and weight regain. Etiologies include postoperative Roux-en-Y gastric bypass leaks, incomplete gastric division, marginal ulcers, distal obstruction, and erosion of a foreign body. Diagnosis is made through upper gastrointestinal contrast radiography or CT scan and endoscopy. Barium contrast radiography is particularly useful and is the preferred initial study method for the detection of staple-line dehiscence, which may be small and overlooked during endoscopy.
Once identified, a gastrogastric fistula may be treated surgically with remnant gastrectomy or gastrojejunostomy revision. This article presents a case of a female patient status post Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery who presented with abdominal pain. Upon endoscopy, she was noted to have an inflamed gastric pouch and a gastogastric fistula. A laparoscopic gastric bypass revision was done to divide the gastrogastric fistula and to separate the gastric pouch from the gastric remnant in order to alleviate the inflamed gastric pouch and prevent further ulcer formation.
Surgical repair should be considered in all symptomatic paraesophageal hernias. Laparoscopic repair is considered the gold standard with a quicker recovery and lower morbidity and mortality compared to open repairs. The patient in this case presented with worsening dysphagia to solids and dyspnea in the setting of an enlarging paraesophageal hernia with a component of organoaxial volvulus. She underwent a laparoscopic paraesophageal hernia repair with a Toupet fundoplication and posterior gastropexy. The patient exhibited subjective improvement in her dysphagia to solids and dyspnea with exertion as well as an objective improvement in her pulmonary function tests postoperatively.
This video demonstrates a case involving an open parastomal hernia repair with retromuscular KeyBaker mesh placement. The case involves an obese patient with a large symptomatic parastomal hernia repair after a laparoscopic end sigmoid colostomy. The CT scan shows an intact linea alba with a 7-cm parastomal defect involving the small bowel and sigmoid colon. The use of a retromuscular KeyBaker mesh placement provides the advantages of offsetting the fascial and peritoneal defects afforded by a standard Sugarbaker repair with the added benefit of reinforcing the lateral abdominal wall by performing a keyhole slit in the mesh.
This video presents a case of bilateral open indirect inguinal herniotomy. The patient, a 12-year-old male, presented to the medical facility with complaints of bilateral protruding masses in the inguinal regions. These masses have been causing him discomfort and pain, particularly during physical exertion. Upon palpation, the masses exhibited an elastic consistency, increased in size during bearing in a standing position, and were found to be reducible when the patient was in a supine position. The patient’s mother reported that these bulges have been present since his birth. Following a comprehensive clinical evaluation, a clinical diagnosis of congenital bilateral inguinal hernia was made. Consequently, a decision was made to perform a bilateral open inguinal herniotomy with high ligation of the hernia sac.
This video demonstrates the essential steps of a bilateral indirect inguinal herniotomy in a pediatric patient, highlighting the importance of proper anatomical dissection, identification of crucial structures, and the high ligation technique for successful hernia repair in children. The detailed procedural description, coupled with the emphasis on anatomical landmarks and technical nuances, makes this video a valuable educational resource for surgical trainees, who are learning the principles and techniques of pediatric inguinal hernia repair.
This comprehensive video is intended to provide a detailed overview of the surgical technique used to repair a right inguinal hernia in Honduras on a 1-year-old boy who presented with a swelling in his scrotum, which had been present since he was two months old. The surgical procedure is narrated by an experienced pediatric surgeon, highlighting the unique challenges and innovative techniques employed in this case, which can be valuable for surgeons facing similar situations. The importance of this video lies in its educational value for surgeons, particularly those involved in surgical missions or practicing in resource-limited settings.
Patients who undergo longitudinal sleeve gastrectomy (LSG) may develop de novo or worsening of existing gastroesophageal reflux (GERD) symptoms, which include postprandial retrosternal burning, food refluxing, or dysphagia. Often patients with GERD following LSG present with a concomitant hiatal hernia. Workup serves to characterize a patient’s GERD disease burden by way of fluoroscopic upper gastrointestinal (UGI) series, pH studies, manometry, or esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD). Treatment first involves medical management with lifestyle modifications followed by use of pump inhibitors (PPIs) or Histamine H2-receptor antagonists (H2 Blockers or H2B). If GERD symptoms remain intractable to medical management, surgical intervention can be pursued.
Historically patients would undergo a conversion to a Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB). New data demonstrate comparable outcomes regarding GERD symptoms and improvements in anti-reflux medication use in patients status-post LSG who undergo ligamentum teres cardiopexy with hiatal hernia repair. This article describes a robotic ligamentum teres cardiopexy with hiatal hernia repair in an adult patient who previously underwent LSG and was experiencing intractable GERD symptoms despite lifestyle modification and optimization on anti-reflux medications.
Intraperitoneal Mesh Repair for Incisional Hernia William B. Hogan1; Yoko Young Sang, MD2; Shabir S. Abadin, MD, MPH3 1Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University 2Louisiana State University Shreveport 3World Surgical Foundation
Incisional hernias remain an important postoperative complication of any procedure involving a laparotomy incision. Although most incisional hernias remain asymptomatic, incarceration and strangulation are emergent complications requiring prompt diagnosis and intervention. Mesh repair has become widely favored over simple suture repair of abdominal fascial defects in recent decades, though recurrence of incisional hernias remains high. Despite the advent of laparoscopic approaches to hernia repair, open approaches are utilized when numerous adhesions are encountered, laparoscopic access is unsafe, or when laparoscopy is not readily available. We present an open surgical repair of a large incisional hernia involving the abdominal midline and parastomal site in a woman with a history of laparotomy and colostomy with a subsequent reversal for a perforated colon.
A left lower quadrant partial-thickness Spigelian-type incisional hernia resulting from wound complications after deep inferior epigastric perforator (DIEP) flap harvest is repaired in a minimally-invasive, robotic-assisted, transabdominal preperitoneal (TAPP) fashion. Utilizing robotic assistance, a large preperitoneal flap is created, fascial closure is achieved using barbed suture, and the hernia defect is reinforced widely with medium-weight polypropylene mesh. In this patient, this approach also allows for areas that had previously had mesh placed to be avoided, and for repair of a fat-containing indirect left inguinal hernia. Similar approaches can address primary or lateral incisional hernias. This patient had an uncomplicated postoperative course without early wound morbidity.
Surgical instrument tables are considered as basic furniture for the operating room (OR). The largest table, typically rectangular or “L”-shaped, serves as a central hub for arranging and storing sterile supplies until needed during surgical procedures. The Mayo stand is an extension of the large table. It is small, height-adjustable, and intended to hang over the operating table and hold instruments and other sterile items for immediate use and within easy reach for the scrub nurse. Both the large table and the smaller Mayo stand are often referred to as back tables.
The specific equipment and arrangement of the back table may vary depending on the type of surgery and the surgeon’s preferences. This video provides a detailed, step-by-step guide to the back table setup for an open umbilical hernia repair surgery. It covers the preparation of the surgical field, the handling of sterile supplies, and the organization of the surgical tray. Additionally, it discusses the importance of adhering to sterile technique and the surgeon’s preferences during the procedure.
