Partial laryngectomy, with its roots tracing back to the early 19th century, has evolved over time as an alternative operative approach for a select group of patients with glottic and supraglottic malignancies. The goal was to preserve speech and swallowing without committing to a permanent tracheostomy. In this video, in the context of a cadaver dissection course held at Duke University, the techniques for partial laryngectomy are demonstrated. The initial segment of this video focuses on explaining the two types of laryngeal surgeries: supraglottic laryngectomy and supracricoid laryngectomy with cricohyodopexy, or cricohyodoepiglottopexy (CHEP). Although these surgeries aim to preserve the functionality of the larynx, performing them may impact voice, swallowing, and airway protection.
Surgery has been the first line of treatment for oral cavity cancer. After appropriate workup, the decision to include an ipsilateral or bilateral neck dissection is made. The patient presented here was diagnosed with a posterior maxillary alveolar tumor. The treatment plan included wide local excision of the tumor with total alveolectomy, reconstruction with a buccal fat pad advancement, and placement of surgical obturator. Additionally, an ipsilateral supraomohyoid neck dissection was performed due to the relative risk of regional metastases.
Functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS) is a minimally-invasive technique involving the use of an endoscope to visualize and access the paranasal sinuses, allowing for precise and targeted removal of diseased tissue. The cadaveric video on FESS presented here offers a detailed and comprehensive guide to maxillary, ethmoid, and sphenoid sinus dissection. The step-by-step approach, coupled with the emphasis on anatomical considerations, makes this video an essential resource for healthcare professionals involved in the management of sinonasal disorders.
Aspiration of Ganglion Cyst on Right Wrist Jonathan E. Sledd1; Marcus Lester R. Suntay, MD, FPCS, FPSPS, FPALES2 1Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine – Auburn Campus 2Philippine Children’s Medical Center
Ganglion cysts are sacs containing a gel-like fluid that can form over tendons and joints. They are commonly seen as visible lumps on the hand and back of the wrist. Ganglion cysts are not cancerous, and most are asymptomatic. But if a cyst puts pressure on a nerve, it can cause pain, tingling, and muscle weakness. Initial treatment of a ganglion cyst is not surgical. Observation may be recommended because half of ganglion cysts may disappear over time. Activity often causes the cyst to increase in size, and thus immobilization may be an option. If a ganglion cyst causes pain and limits activities, aspiration of the fluid may decrease pressure and relieve pain. Surgical excision may also be recommended if symptoms are not relieved or if the cyst recurs. This article presents the case of a 51-year-old female who had a ganglion cyst on her right wrist. Treatment options were presented to the patient, and she opted to undergo aspiration over excision.
Foley catheter insertion is a fundamental medical procedure that is routinely performed across a wide range of clinical specialties. The placement of a Foley catheter remains one of the most commonly executed interventions in the field of medicine. Foley catheter placement is a common medical procedure performed to assist in bladder drainage and management. This procedure is indicated for a variety of reasons, including the need to monitor urine output during surgery, the management of urinary retention or incontinence, and the facilitation of accurate measurement of urine output in critically ill patients.
The procedure is often performed before surgical interventions to ensure the bladder is emptied, reducing the risk of complications such as bladder distension or injury during the operation. Foley catheterization is a critical component of the care provided to patients undergoing surgical interventions. The procedure requires careful attention to detail and the implementation of proper sterile techniques to ensure patient safety and optimal outcomes. This video provides a step-by-step demonstration of Foley catheterization in a male patient, highlighting the importance of this procedure for medical personnel.
Temporal Bone Dissection (Cadaver) Cameron M. A. Crasto1; C. Scott Brown, MD2 1University of Toledo College of Medicine 2University of Miami Miller School of Medicine
Temporal bone dissections are a critical learning tool for otologic/neurotologic surgery. The “Temporal Bone Dissection Manual” from the House Institute has long served as a ‘gold standard’ for the stepwise demonstration of this process. In this video, a progressive step-by-step dissection of the temporal bone is performed. Key anatomical structures and landmarks and outlined, and their physiological importance in the context of different otologic pathologies is explained. The procedure begins with the identification of soft tissue landmarks and surface anatomy before delving into cortical mastoidectomy and facial nerve identification. The mastoid tip region is discussed, before moving on to describe the tegmen and endolymphatic sac. A facial recess dissection is performed and middle ear anatomy is explained. A labyrinthectomy and exposure of the internal auditory canal conclude the dissection. In addition to going over the anatomy of the temporal bone dissection, a discussion of how to execute these procedures safely and efficiently is conducted.
By having a thorough understanding of the anatomy of the temporal bone, medical students, residents, and fellows are better able to understand the reasoning behind different otologic procedures and how they can be used to treat patients. This demonstration was created to inform and teach residents and medical students about temporal bone anatomy.
This is a clinical case of an elderly female patient who developed signs of hydrocephalus after receiving systemic thrombolysis for a middle cerebral artery (MCA) embolism, which was followed by intra-arterial thrombolysis a day before. The procedures were assessed as successful. Later on, despite the initial success, she was found exhibiting impaired consciousness. A follow-up head computed tomography (CT) revealed hemorrhaging of the cerebellum leading to the compression of the fourth ventricle and subsequent hydrocephalus.
A decision was made to place an external ventricular drain (EVD), followed by a suboccipital craniotomy and evacuation of the cerebellar hematoma. An EVD is a temporary catheter specifically designed to drain cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and facilitate the monitoring of intracranial pressure (ICP). This video provides a detailed overview of the key steps involved in the EVD placement and hematoma evacuation, offering critical insights from skin incision to wound closure.
An open colectomy is the resection of all or part of the colon, typically through a midline incision in the abdomen. This procedure is often indicated for the treatment of colonic diseases such as bowel obstruction, diverticulitis, inflammatory bowel disease, and colon cancer. The patient in this case was a C6 quadriplegic male who presented with colon cancer near the splenic flexure. He also suffered from colonic dysmotility and severe constipation. He was treated with an open left colectomy through an upper midline laparotomy.
Regarding the procedure, once the abdomen was entered, the peritoneal cavity was explored, and the tumor was identified. The colon was mobilized, starting with the transverse colon, which was extended laterally to take down the hepatic flexure followed by mobilization of the right colon in a lateral-to-medial fashion. Next, the splenic flexure was mobilized followed by the descending colon, again in a lateral-to-medial fashion. Once mobilized, the margins of transection were identified, and the intervening mesocolon was ligated in a cut and tie fashion. The colon was then transected using and ILA stapler to include the distal transverse, descending, and proximal sigmoid colon. Finally, the proximal cut end of the transverse colon was brought up through a left-sided end colostomy. In this video, the key steps of the procedure are demonstrated, and analysis regarding intraoperative decision making is provided.
This is the case of a 31-year-old female with a history of juvenile rheumatoid arthritis and uveitis who presented with a leg-length discrepancy and low back pain refractory to conservative management. She underwent a shortening osteotomy on her left femur around an intramedullary nail that went on to nonunion.
She underwent exchange nailing with a magnetic intramedullary nailing with autologous bone graft harvest from her affected femoral reamings. The magnetic intramedullary nail was extended 2 cm prior to insertion, and then implanted in the usual fashion with immediate compression in the operating room. Postoperatively the patient underwent a compressive program using the magnetic nail and went on to heal her osteotomy site.
The submandibular approach, also known as the Risdon approach, is a well-established extraoral surgical technique employed for the treatment of complex mandibular fractures and pathologies. Despite the increasing popularity of intraoral approaches for open reduction and internal fixation, the submandibular approach remains a valuable option in the arsenal of maxillofacial surgeons. This approach offers several advantages, including superior access and visualization of the mandibular body and angle, facilitating better manipulation and reduction of fracture fragments. Furthermore, the submandibular approach enables direct access to the submandibular gland, facilitating its management in cases of pathology or injury. By providing a comprehensive understanding of this technique through cadaveric exploration, this video aims to contribute to the training and education of maxillofacial surgeons, ultimately enhancing patient care and outcomes.
